Prognostic markers are biological indicators or characteristics that are used to predict the outcome of a disease or condition in individuals. These markers can help healthcare professionals determine the likelihood of disease progression, response to treatment, and overall survival. Prognostic markers are often identified through research studies and can include genetic mutations, protein levels, imaging findings, or other measurable factors. By understanding and utilizing prognostic markers, clinicians can tailor treatment plans and interventions to improve patient outcomes.